數(shù)據(jù)交易客體的權(quán)屬配置——從交易客體特殊性談起
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
李宏茂
江西客家人律師事務(wù)所
摘要： 數(shù)據(jù)交易客體權(quán)屬配置問題在理論界和實務(wù)界的爭論不休，嚴(yán)重阻礙了數(shù)據(jù)交易市場實踐的發(fā)展。數(shù)據(jù)交易的客體具有特殊性，數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展態(tài)勢要求數(shù)據(jù)共享，這與傳統(tǒng)所有權(quán)要求的直接支配與排他相斥；數(shù)據(jù)資源的增殖性與礦產(chǎn)資源的消耗性互異；數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品共享性與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)專有性也相悖，現(xiàn)有規(guī)則難以滿足數(shù)據(jù)交易市場的需要。基于數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)維護與數(shù)據(jù)的公益屬性，考量數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn)主體提供的資本或者添附的勞動彰顯私益屬性，提出“數(shù)據(jù)資源的國家所有”與“數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品的數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn)主體所有”的二元財產(chǎn)制度構(gòu)造，使我國數(shù)據(jù)資源的權(quán)屬配置以數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品權(quán)利為中心并遵循法律的邏輯進路開展，賦予數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn)主體以數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品所有權(quán)，滿足交易客體所需的權(quán)屬明晰標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，為構(gòu)建統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)交易市場提供基礎(chǔ)。
中圖分類號：G258;G250文獻標(biāo)識碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.01.018引用格式：李宏茂. 數(shù)據(jù)交易客體的權(quán)屬配置——從交易客體特殊性談起［J］.網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理，2025，44（1）：110-117.
Ownership allocation of data transaction objects——Starting from the particularity of transaction object
Li Hongmao
Jiangxi Hakka Law Firm
Abstract： The ownership configuration of data transaction objects has been debated endlessly in the theoretical and practical fields, which has seriously hindered the development of data transaction market practice. The object of data trading is unique, and the development trend of the digital economy requires data sharing, which is incompatible with the traditional ownership requirements of direct control and exclusivity; The proliferation of data resources is different from the consumptive nature of mineral resources; The sharing of data products is also contrary to the exclusivity of intellectual property rights, and existing rules are difficult to meet the needs of the data trading market. Based on the maintenance of data sovereignty and the public welfare attributes of data, considering the capital provided by the data production subject or the added labor that manifests private interests, a dual property system structure of "state ownership of data resources" and "ownership of data production subject of data products" is proposed, which enables the ownership allocation of data resources in China to be centered on the rights of data products and follow the logical approach of the law. It gives the data production subject ownership of data products, meets the clear ownership standards required by transaction objects, and provides a foundation for building a unified data trading market.
Key words : data trading; object specificity; ownership allocation
引言
數(shù)據(jù)作為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代的生產(chǎn)要素，在國家政策層面上與土地、勞動力等生產(chǎn)要素并列?！按髷?shù)據(jù)越關(guān)聯(lián)越有價值，越開放越有價值”，數(shù)據(jù)流通已經(jīng)成為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)［1］。數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代，作為生產(chǎn)要素的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)當(dāng)在市場交易流通中實現(xiàn)其作為生產(chǎn)資料的價值，通過滿足市場對數(shù)據(jù)的需求以推動數(shù)字經(jīng)濟的長遠發(fā)展。2022年12月19日，《中共中央 國務(wù)院關(guān)于構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見》(以下簡稱“數(shù)據(jù)二十條”)對外發(fā)布,引發(fā)社會廣泛探討，探索數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)性分置制度。但針對數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)利歸屬的具體制度設(shè)計卻尚付闕如，故對數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬配置法律問題有深入研究之必要。
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作者信息：
李宏茂
(江西客家人律師事務(wù)所，江西贛州341000)
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