歐盟刑事跨境電子取證制度的新發展及啟示
網絡安全與數據治理
孫鍵
西南交通大學公共管理學院
摘要： 在數據時代，刑事犯罪與網絡空間的深入融合凸顯了電子數據證據在刑案偵破中的重要地位。跨境涉網刑案的日益增多也讓各國日益關注跨境電子取證制度的建設。在復雜的案件環境中，我國目前大力推行的刑事司法協助制度有著適用范圍小、啟動后效率低的問題。作為補充的單邊跨境電子取證制度則僅以缺乏有效監督體系、范圍同樣有限的網絡在線提取為主。二者均難以滿足跨境電子取證高效率、取證充分的需求。以歐盟《電子證據條例》（European Production and Preservation Orders Regulation）為參考，可以看到屬人主義單邊跨境電子取證制度成為國際主流。有鑒于歐盟單邊跨境電子取證制度中對傳統主權理論的突破，我國應當率先構建以網絡服務商為取證節點的屬人主義刑事單邊跨境電子取證制度，再考慮刑事司法協助的改良方法，這有利于提高效率，充分取證，助力涉網跨境刑事案件的偵破，掌握國際網絡空間的主動性與話語權，維護我國數據主權。
中圖分類號：D924.3文獻標識碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.05.012
引用格式：孫鍵. 歐盟刑事跨境電子取證制度的新發展及啟示［J］.網絡安全與數據治理，2025，44（5）：78-84.
引用格式：孫鍵. 歐盟刑事跨境電子取證制度的新發展及啟示［J］.網絡安全與數據治理，2025，44（5）：78-84.
The new developments and enlightenments of the EU′s cross-border electronic evidence collection system in criminal matters
Sun Jian
School of Public Affairs & Law, Southwest Jiaotong University
Abstract： In the era of data, the deep integration of criminal activities with cyberspace highlights the important role of electronic data evidence in criminal case detection. The increasing number of cross-border cyber crimes also draws increasing attention from countries to the construction of cross-border electronic evidence collection systems. In the complex case environment, the criminal judicial assistance system that is currently being vigorously promoted in our country has problems such as a small scope of application and low efficiency after initiation. The unilateral cross-border electronic evidence collection system, which serves as a supplement, mainly relies on online extraction with a limited scope and lacks an effective supervision system. Neither of them can meet the needs of improving efficiency and obtaining sufficient evidence in cross-border electronic evidence collection. Taking the European Production and Preservation Orders Regulation as a reference, it can be seen that the personalism unilateral cross-border electronic evidence collection system has become the international mainstream. In view of the breakthrough of traditional sovereignty theory in the EU′s unilateral cross-border electronic evidence collection system, China should take the lead in building a personalism-based criminal unilateral cross-border electronic evidence collection system with network service providers as the evidence collection nodes. Then, we should consider the improvement methods of criminal judicial assistance. This will improve efficiency, ensure sufficient evidence collection, assist in the investigation and resolution of cross-border cybercrime cases, and enable us to take the initiative and have a say in the international cyberspace, thereby safeguarding our country′s dat
Key words : cross-border evidence collection; electronic data; data sovereignty; protective jurisdiction; personality
引言
隨著犯罪與網絡信息技術的融合不斷深化，絕大多數犯罪轉變為觸網犯罪，電子數據證據亦是打擊涉網犯罪的主要證據類型［1］。2024年2月7日，最高人民法院發布跨境電信網絡詐騙及其關聯犯罪典型案例8起，其中在被告人謝某浩、陳某旺詐騙、偷越國（邊）境，被告人林某掩飾、隱瞞犯罪所得案中指出：“近年來，一些不法分子為逃避國內打擊、牟取非法利益，紛紛將詐騙窩點轉移至境外，相當一部分人員偷越國境后盤踞在緬甸北部等地成立犯罪集團或組成犯罪團伙，對境內居民實施電信網絡詐騙犯罪。”可見，我國刑事偵查機關跨境收集境外儲存網絡數據的需求正在不斷增加。
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作者信息：
孫鍵
（西南交通大學公共管理學院，四川成都610031）
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