僅使用兩個轉換器形成膠連邏輯，一個8位微處理器和兩個12位DAC實現256級QAM。

　　本設計提出一種有效方法，僅用兩個反向器，也無需查表，實現QAM（正交幅度調制）映射和轉換成兩個余角值。

　　假設要使用微處理器和兩個帶并行輸入的10位DAC，創建在兩個余角符號中的256級QAM信號。因為將256級QAM信號分離成同相成分的16級ASK（幅變調制）信號和求積成分的16級ASK，對稱的方法是可行的。完全對稱電路實現16位ASK的映射和轉換（圖1）。兩個換向器是轉換所需的唯一膠連邏輯。電路各部分轉換微處理器的四個輸出位為一個10位雙余角矢量，它直接提供給DAC（表1）。DAC輸入的可能值平均分布。表1的第三列在可選電流到電壓轉換后，提供規格化DAC輸出。

　　對256級QAM信號，需要8個輸入位，精確符合大多數處理器上通用輸入輸出口的寬度。同時設定全部8位確保同相和積分信號之間同步?？梢匀菀椎貫槿魏蜵AM模塊和DAC分辨率改變電路。由于電路為全數字的，可以用反向放大器做輸出緩沖器，并將其嵌入FPGA或CPLD。

　　英文原文：

　　Circuit provides low-cost QAM mapping and translation

　　Using just two inverters for glue logic, an 8-bit microcontroller and two 12-bit DACs enable 256-level QAM.

　　Pieter Demuytere, Cedric Mélange, Elena Matei, Els De Backer, Johan Bauwelinck, and Jan Vandewege, Ghent University, Department of Information Technology, Ghent, Belgium; Edited by Charles H Small and Fran Granville -- EDN, 9/27/2007

　　This Design Idea presents an efficient way to do QAM (quadrature-amplitude-modulation) mapping and translation into two’s-complement values with only two inverters and no look-up tables.

　　Suppose you want to create a 256-level QAM signal using a microcontroller and two 10-bit DACs with a parallel input in two’s-complement notation. Because you can split a 256-level QAM signal into a 16-level ASK (amplitude-shift-keying) signal for the in-phase component and a 16-level ASK for the quadrature component, a symmetrical approach is feasible. The fully symmetrically circuit performs the 16-level ASK mappings and translations (Figure 1). Two inverters are the only glue logic you need for the conversion. Each part of the circuit converts four output bits of the microcontroller into a 10-bit two’s-complement vector, which feeds directly to the DACs (Table 1). The possible DAC-input values are equally distributed. The third column of Table 1 gives the normalized DAC output after an optional current-to-voltage conversion.

　　For 256-level QAM signals, you need 8 input bits, which exactly fit the width o f a general-purpose-I/O bank on most microcontrollers. Simultaneously setting all 8 bits ensures synchronization between in-phase and quadrature signals. You can easily adapt this circuit for any QAM constellation or DAC resolution. Because this circuit is fully digital, you can also embed it in FPGAs or CPLDs, using the inverters available in the output buffers.